卡拉OK曲目是否有商业外观受商标法保护？
近30年来，Slep-Tone制作并发行了16,500个录音和图形卡拉OK曲目，用于专业的卡拉OK系统，其OK曲目音频为流行歌曲的录制版本，省略了主唱，但用图形与音乐同步进行视觉提示，显示歌曲的歌词来帮助歌手演唱。 Slep-Tone声称歌词的字体，风格和视觉安排，是一种商业外观。Basket Case 在酒吧播放了复制的Slep-Tone的卡拉OK曲目。
Slep-Tone指责Basket Case制作“假冒”未经授权的拷贝作为真正的Slep-Tone音轨，根据联邦“Lanham法案”进行的商标侵权和不正当竞争诉讼。
Basket Case认为他们并没有出售未经授权的音轨，只是把它们当作娱乐来提供，所以顾客没有收到实物商品，而只收到音轨的无形商品。 顾客们从来没有看到含有媒体转移原始曲目的CD或MP3，所以Basket Case声称顾客不会混淆含有卡拉OK曲目的CD商品的来源。
第七巡回法院指称这种抱怨听起来像是版权主张而不是商标侵权，因此拒绝允许以商标权利取代真正的版权侵权诉讼。
第七巡回法院认为，因为Basket Case没有在Slep-Tone的产品上贴上自己的标志向公众展示，让Slep-Tone的标志留在卡拉OK轨道上并不是 商标侵权。第七巡回法院指出，尽管版权所有者可以起诉版权侵权，但在音轨演出过程中常规展示Slep-Tone的嵌入式商标并不属于商标侵权或不正当竞争行为。 Basket Case在其它广告和其卡拉OK菜单中没有使用Slep-Tone的标志，所以顾客没有理由混淆其卡拉OK音乐是Slep-Tone的赞助演出，或者其播放的曲目是由Slep-Tone制作或批准的。由于Basket Case不销售带有卡拉OK曲目的CD，并声称他们所播的是正版Slep-Tone产品，所以第七巡回法院认定Basket Case并没有商标侵权行为。如果被告使用原告商标宣传被告的服务，或伪造带有原告标志的CD，制作带有原告标志的海报，帽子或T恤等宣传品，或以其他方式在市场上出售的有形商品作为原告的真品，其结果可能会有所不同。
目前还有两个Slep-Tone案件 在第六巡回法院（涉及卡拉OK糖果）和第九巡回法院（涉及广州凤凰）进行处理，也许还会有不同的法庭意见？
Tag: Trademark Related
How to protect IP 如何保护知识产权？
Intellectual property usually refers to the intangible property rights associated with ideas, writing, image and reputation. Different intangible properties are protected by different laws. For example, the originality that concerns authorship are protected by copyright law. Any original writings, graphs, arts, styles are automatically entitled to copyright protection. However, copyright does not protect the ideas contained in writings, graphs, arts, and styles. A painter’s painting of an apple is protected from copying by plagiarism, but other people can still make and paint the same apple and draw their paintings of apple. If an idea is new and useful, people can resort to patent law to protect it from being used by other people. Different to copyright law, patent law prevents other people from using and making a patented idea other than its own inventor. Once an idea is patented, other people cannot use and make the same idea, even if the idea comes out of their creation. Technology and product design related new ideas are mostly protectable by patent law. This protection has a limited time of 20 years. In exchange of this protection, inventors need to disclose the technical knowledge to the public domain. In the business world, there are many situations when a business may be better off when certain details of a product are kept secret and undisclosed to defer competition and thwart rivals. For this need, there is trade secret law. Anything that is kept secret by the business owner is protected by trade secret law. On the other hand, a time accumulated good will and reputation associated with a name or a product symbol is protected by trade mark law.
Therefore, business information concerning business strategies, plans, marketing schemes, pricing and costs, human resources, customer informations and connections, manufacturing processes, as long as they are not generally known, they can be kept secret and be protected by trade secret law. Many inventors also protect their patentable inventions as trade secrets during the initial stages of development. Later they seek patent protection when the invention is perfected, but at this juncture, the trade secret laws give the inventor the right to sue people who steal the invention. The protection of trade secret starts the moment the inventor discovers the secret, this is especially important where the invention may have a short commercial life that is constantly evolving.
Different from the monopoly exclusive rights of a patent, trade secret owners have no monopoly over their information. Trade secret owners have the legal right to prevent people from using or disclosing a trade secret without permission only when 1) people are bound by a duty of confidentiality not to disclose; 2) people obtain the secret through improper means, such as bribery, theft or industrial espionage. A trade secret is any information that is useful and private, it automatically ceases to exist the moment it becomes public knowledge.
In the US, there are federal laws for patent, trade mark and copyright protection, there are only state laws for trade secret protection. However, all countries have laws against misappropriation of trade secrets.
知识产权通常是指与想法，写作，形象和声誉相关的财产权。不同的无形财产由不同的法律保护。例如，版权的原创性受版权法保护，任何原始文字，图形，艺术，设计样式都自动享有著作权的保护。但是，版权不保护包含在这些著作，图形，艺术和风格中的思想。受版权保护一个苹果画不被复制和抄袭，但其他人仍然可以画同一个苹果。
如果一个想法是新而有用的，人们可以诉诸专利法，以保护它不被其他人使用。不同于版权法，专利法可以防止其他人使用相似的想法。一旦一个想法被申请专利，其他人将无法使用同样的想法，即使这个想法出于他们自己的原创。在要打退对手的商业战场上，专利赋予最强的垄断保护。技术和产品设计相关的新思路往往需要专利法的强力保护。但专利只保障20年。而且作为交换，发明人需要公开该专利相关的技术信息。在商业世界里，竞争往往需要保密信息。如果某种产品信息不容易被对手琢磨出来，这种信息最好是做为秘密保护。这种秘密受商业秘密法保护。凡是未公开的由业主保密的信息都受商业秘密法律保护。
因此，关于商务战略，计划，销售计划，定价和成本，人力资源，客户信息和连接，制造工艺，只要它们通常不是已知的，它们可以作为商业秘密，通过商业秘密法律保护。许多发明者在产品发展的初级阶段，把产品信息作为商业秘密来保护自己的专利发明, 在他们发明完善寻求专利保护之前，商业秘密法赋予发明人起诉别人偷盗他的发明。商业秘密保护开始于发明者发现这个秘密的那一刻。
与专利的垄断独占权不同，商业秘密所有人不能垄断该信息。商业秘密所有者只有权阻止两类人：1）有责任保密的人; 2）通过不正当手段获取该秘密的的人，如贿赂，盗窃或商业间谍获取秘密。商业秘密一旦为公众所知的那一刻，它自动停止存在。
另一方面，由广告和时间积累才有的声誉由商标法保护。
在美国，对专利，商标和版权保护有联邦法律，对商业秘密的保护只有州法律。然而，全世界所有国家都有反对盗用商业机密的法律。